What is object in c++ and java?

This programming languages use mainly two types of memory in RAM.They are heap memory and stack memory. 

In c++ when we write <class name> <object name> then <object name> acts as a referrence variable and points to some location in stack memory... The location where the referrence variable is pointing is called object and the variable is known as referrence variable... As almost everything in c++ follows static allocation technique so object is created in stack memory.

In java we write 

Statement 1:<class name> <object name>;

Statement 2:<objct name>=new <object name>();

As you all know that new operator in both c++ and java are used for dynamic allocation so here also object is dynamically allocated in heap memory and as there is no new operator in statement 1 so the referrence variable is in stack memory... That means the memory space in the heap memory, where the referrence variable refer to from stack memory, is known as object. 

And so in java the referrence variable is known as object referrence and after performing statement 2 that object space in heap memory is known as object instance.

For any queries contact me.

My email id: anumoysengupta@yahoo.co.in

No existance of array in C

U can say that array is also 1 type of linklist with contiguous memory allocation. In lniklist we specify the address of 1st node and in array we specify the address of 0th position if we want to send the array to any function.. And then 0th position automatically points to 1st position and 1st to 2nd position and so on... And adress automatically allocated continuously i.e if 0th position is in address 8000 then address of 1st position will be 8002 and 2nd will be 8004 (for integer array) and this memory allocated during compile time(Static allocation)....

If anyone has any question about this blog then u can diretly ask me.

My email id:anumoysengupta@yahoo.co.in

How To Convert LPs And Tapes To CDs

In this digital age, where listening to songs on cell phones and portable media players is common, analog media such as audio cassettes and vinyl records have lost their glory. Hits of the yesteryears are very easy to find on audio CDs or in MP3 format, but you might have hung on to your old audio cassettes and vinyl records because those albums weren’t reissued in digital format, or you may have safely kept the audio cassette on which you recorded your child's first words 20 years ago. Listening to those precious audio cassettes and records would be more convenient if they were in audio CD or MP3 format, wouldn’t it? In this hands-on guide, we will show you how you can do just that in nine steps, from hooking up the record/audio cassette player to the PC to enhancing the audio quality, to finally exporting the tracks to MP3 format.

STEP 1: Getting ready
You need a good record player or an audio cassette player in order to get good recording quality. Although vintage record players by Garrard or Philips would suffice, the latest models deliver pristine audio quality. We used the Reloop RP-1000 MK3 turntable, which is available for Rs 13,000 from Narain Professional Audio Pvt Ltd (www.narainindia.com). Portable audio cassette players are available in abundance. You can buy a good one for less than Rs 1,000. You start with connecting the record/cassette player to the PC.  The record player is connected to the amplifier via phono input. Set the amplifier’s source to phono and direct the audio signal from the headphone jack to the line-in jack on the motherboard’s rear panel or soundcard using an audio cable with 3.5mm plugs on both ends. If your amplifier has a 1/4-inch headphone jack, you’ll need a 1/4-inch to 1/8-inch adapter to use the cable. The cassette player can be connected directly to the line-in jack with an audio cable. Use headphones connected to the soundcard’s line-out jack to monitor playback and volume.

STEP 2: Get Audacity
Audacity is one of the best freeware audio editing programs. Download it from audacity.sourceforge.net/download . In Audacity, configure the audio source. Press [Ctrl]+P or go to ‘Edit | Preferences’ to bring up the Preferences dialog box. Go to the Devices section and set the recording device to your soundcard’s line-in. Click the 'Ok' button to accept the changes. Now play the record/audio cassette. You should be able to hear the playback through the headphones connected to the soundcard. Click once on the input level meter in Audacity or click on the drop-down list next to the microphone icon on the toolbar and select 'Start Monitoring'. If you see the left and right channel input level meters in action, you’re ready to record.

STEP 3: Setting the right audio level
This is a very important step because the quality of your recording depends on the audio level of the source. If the volume level of the source is too high, the sound will jar, and if the volume level is too low, you’ll have to crank the volume up to be able to listen clearly. To set the optimum volume, play the record or audio cassette and click the 'Record' button on Audacity’s toolbar. You’ll see the level meters in action and a waveform being formed in the workspace. The waveform should be such that the peaks don’t go out of bounds. Adjust the volume on the source accordingly. You can use the headphones to fi nd out if the sound is distorting. Play a track that sounds loud and hear it completely to arrive at the optimal volume level.

STEP 4: Record and label the tracks.
Before you start recording, make sure the vinyl is clean. Use a moist lint-free cloth and wipe the surface of the vinyl in a circular motion. Then use a dry cloth to dry the vinyl. If you’re using an old cassette player, it would be a good idea to clean its head. Take a lint-free cloth or a cotton handkerchief and moisten a tiny portion with isopropyl alcohol or deodorant spray. Then wipe the head gently with the moist portion. Click 'Record' on Audacity’s toolbar just before you start playing the record/audio cassette. Wait while the entire side gets recorded. Click the 'Stop' button when the recording is complete and save the Audacity project. Insert track labels at the beginning of each track. Press the [Home] button to go to the beginning of the waveform, and go to ‘Tracks | Add label at selection’.
Type the title of the fi rst song. Navigate to the start of each song and add labels. When you’re done, go to ‘File | Export multiple’. Set the export format to WAV 16-bit PCM and uncheck the option ‘Include audio before the first label’. Specify the output folder and click 'Export'. Click 'Ok' when the 'Edit metadata' dialog box pops up. You’ll now have a folder with individual songs.

STEP 5: Eliminating clicks and pops (for records only)
Clicks and pops are a distinct characteristic of vinyl records. If you would like to retain them, skip this step and jump to step 7; else read on. Audacity has a built-in plug-in for click removal, but the results aren’t satisfactory. Go to www.clickrepair.net and download ClickRepair from the Downloads section. Since the software is written in Java, you will need to download and install Java runtime environment. ClickRepair is a full-functional 21-day trialware, which is good enough if you want to digitize a few records within the trial  period. The full version costs $40 (approx Rs 1,900) Run ClickRepair and load the file from which you wish to eliminate clicks and pops. After specifying the fi le, you will immediately be prompted to specify the file name of the result. Go with the default file name suffixed with ‘-cr’. Next, set the DeClick slider to 50, check Pitch Protection and Reverse and set the method to X3. Click the 'Start' button.

You’ll see the waveform scrolling while the file is being processed. The red peaks represent clicks and pops that were removed by ClickRepair. Now load the processed file (suffixed with –cr) and this time, set DeClick to 0 and DeCrackle to 50 with Pitch Protection disabled. The final result will be suffixed with ‘-cr1’. You can use the batch processing function in ClickRepair (‘File | Batch setup’) to queue tasks and process multiple files automatically.

STEP 6: Getting rid of tape hiss (for records and audio cassettes)
Like clicks and pops in vinyl records, audio cassettes suffer from tape hiss. Vinyls too suffer from hiss, but it’s not very prominent. DeNoise is a hiss removal program from the makers of Click Repair and can be downloaded from the same website. DeNoise too is a 21-day trialware and requires the Java runtime environment. Load a file into DeNoise and specify the file name for the output file. The default filename is suffixed with ‘-nr’. Click the 'Start' button and the song will start playing. Play the first 5 to 10 seconds of the tracks until the music begins to come through and then click the 'Pause' button. Select the lead-in portion of the track, which contains the hiss, and click the 'Sample Noise' button. This tells the software the nature of the noise/hiss that has to be eliminated from the track. Click on the 'Resume' button to continue processing the file. The result will be ready once the playback is over. Manual noise sampling delivers better results, but if you don’t have too much time on your hands, you can check the Automatic option and use the batch processing function (‘File | Batch setup’) to get much quicker results.

STEP 7: Brighten up the sound
Listen to the original recording and the processed file (suffixed with ‘-nr’). You will note a big difference. Now run Audacity and load a file processed in the previous step. At this point, you have the option to enhance the frequencies. You can tweak the bass, treble and mid tones using the equalizer. Go to ‘Effect | Equalization’ to tweak the frequencies. You can either draw the curve on the graph or use the sliders after checking the ‘Graphic EQ’ radio button. For those who aren’t well-versed with using the equalizer, the values to the extreme left adjust the lows or bass and the ones to the extreme right adjust the highs or treble. The middle values adjust the mids. Plotting points above the 0 dB line boosts the frequency. Clicking 'Preview' lets you hear the effect. If you aren’t satisfied, you can further tweak the frequencies or click the 'Flatten' button and start over. Put on the headphones and pay close attention to what you hear. Click 'Ok' to apply the effect to the entire track. Do this for all the tracks.

STEP 8: Normalize the sound
Normalization uniformly boosts or decreases the amplitude of the audio signal such that the peak amplitude matches the set value. So if the sound levels increase or decrease after click and hiss removal and equalization, normalization will correct the levels. This will ensure the final result doesn’t distort or sound too soft. Go to ‘Effect | Normalize’, check both options in the dialog box, and set the maximum amplitude to 0 dB. Click 'Ok' to normalize the entire track and save the file. Normalize all the tracks.

STEP 9: Create an audio CD or save as MP3
You can either burn the final result to an audio CD or convert the files to MP3 format. You’ll need a disc burning tool such as Nero Burning ROM to burn the WAV files to an audio CD. To add a really good finishing touch, shoot the front and back of the vinyl sleeve and use the images to design a cover for the audio CD. You can also use the front image as the album art for MP3 files. To convert the WAV fi les to MP3 in Audacity, you will need to download the Lame MP3 Encoder plug-in from Audacity’s website (Help section). Load the WAV file in Audacity and go to ‘File | Export’. Set the file type to ‘MP3 files’, configure the bit rate, and hit the 'Save' button.

PS: special thanks to tech2 for info..!!

first blog......

Buying a Cell Phone That Suits Your Needs


With so many types of cell phones available in the market, it’s important to know the differences between them so you can decide which one is the best for you. Once you’ve figured that out, all that is left to do is find the phone that meets your requirements. Here’s what you need to know before you buy a cell phone.

India is said be one of the biggest arenas for cell phones; second only to China. Owing to a large number of private players in the telecom service sector, the call rates are not just economical, but also well regulated. This makes cell phones not just a necessity, but the handsets sold today also serve multiple purposes. Depending on this segmentation, we have classified phones into different sections to help you pick your phone with more ease.

CLASSIC PHONES
If all phones had a high quality digital camera, a music player and an integrated portable gaming console, there would be no high-end phone segment. If you don’t need these added functions, you can opt for a classic model. These phones need not be devoid of all those functions though; they can still have a little bit of everything. Low end phones are not just economical, but also look good and throw in useful apps like calculators and radios.

BUSINESS PHONES
Business phones are for those who carry out a major chunk of their work over email and need to access documents on the go. Most business phones feature e-mail facilities for multiple email IDs, a QWERTY keypad for ease of typing, a PDF reader, an office suite, and 3G/Wi-Fi connection, amongst other things. It’s better to have a push-mail service on your phone so that you can access mails with ease. Also, you must ensure that you have a good service provider that gives you a stable connection, so that you can stay connected anywhere you go. The QWERTY keypad, size and shape of your phone should be ergonomic, considering the fact that you will be glued to it. Also make sure you keep an eye on the radiation levels, as some business phones are notorious for emitting-high radiation signals. BlackBerry phones seem to be a hot pick for business phones. Their radiation is within SAR standards.

MULTIMEDIA PHONES
Sony Ericsson’s Walkman range of phones was a revolution in the mobile phone industry a few years ago, thanks to their dedicated music controls. But there’s a crowded multimedia phone segment now, with each manufacturer offering a range of phones with several audio and video playback features. Apart from good music and video quality, a media phone needs a good amount of memory to save your collection, an organizer to help you create quick play lists, and an equalizer function to make sure you and tweak the sound to your liking A   ash memory card to store video and music comes in handy, so an expandable memory option in your phone is always a bonus and almost all phones now offer SD card slots. Multimedia phones also feature shortcut controls via dedicated buttons for instant access. Most phones also give you an FM radio option. Lastly, check for the quality of headphones. High-end media phones usually come with noise reduction headphones to enhance the overall experience, and since they support stereo signals, you can also opt of A2DP headsets.

CAMERA PHONES
High-end smartphones come with cameras that can even substitute standalone digital cameras, and some of these phones can even record high definition video. However, a high megapixel count is not always the best criterion for picking a camera phone. Although the resolution of the pictures is based on megapixels, you also need a decent lens focus (this can be either fixed or automatic) and flash for good pictures in low light. Fixed focus cameras usually deliver low quality images, and while auto focus cameras may not guarantee good quality, they let you shoot images from close proximity (macro images) if your camera comes with an auto focus lens. Another essential feature is the flash, which could be a single or double LED flash or a Xenon flash. As for zoom, using the digital zoom brings down the quality of the picture drastically. The images can turn out to be grainy, especially if you use the highest level of digital zoom. Some phones also provide optical zoom, which gives your pictures more clarity, but the amount of optical zoom in phones is usually very limited. You will have to ensure that the camera phone you pick has a long-lasting battery, as the camera function does tend to drain the battery. The CyberShot series from Sony Ericsson has really put the brand at the forefront of the camera phones segment.

TOUCH SCREEN PHONES
Touch screen phones have become a rage of sorts; pioneered by Apple, and now adopted by pretty much every cell phone manufacturer. But in order to keep costs down, some manufactures tend to compromise on the quality of the touch screen, which makes it all the more essential for you to be careful when investing in a touch screen phone. Firstly, look into the display size of the screen, especially if you are not used to a stylus and have stubby fingers. The larger the screen, the more comfortable you will be using the touch interface. Ensure that the phone is ergonomically designed for one-hand use, which means that the menus on the user interface should be placed well. Also check for the battery life, as a larger display will drain that much more power. The most important thing in your touch phone is the screen sensitivity and the response time. Check the response time for the programs both with and without a stylus. Also make note of the technology used in the touch screen. Lower end touch screen phones tend to use resistive touch screens which aren’t all that responsive or accurate. High-end phones usually use capacitive touch screens, which are more accurate and responsive, but also costlier.

SOCIAL NETWORKING PHONES
The social networking craze is at an all time high, and most of these networks also feature stripped down versions that are compatible with cell phone browsers. But to make things even easier, most cell phone makers have now come up with phones that have links or bookmarks to popular social networking sites or dedicated apps for your phone. Targeting mainly the younger audience, phones designed for social networking are usually economical and feature apps for Skype, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, etc for quick access.

Commonly used terms
3G
3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology as released by the International Mobile Telecommunications program (IMT- 2000). 3G technologies will allow various network operators to provide more advanced services and better networking capabilities. It will also support various high-end features like VoIP services, video calls, and high speed broadband.

A2DP
A2DP is an acronym for Advanced Audio Distribution Profile. It is a one-way pro  le, unlike a headset or handsfree connect as it cannot help users connect calls wirelessly. It can only stream music on a stereo signal through a Bluetooth connection to headphones or speakers.

AMOLED display
AMOLED is an acronym for Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode and is used to reduce power consumption on portable devices like cell phones and media players. Performance-wise, it is at par with its passive-matrix OLED counterparts, but it requires less power, thus ensuring longer battery runtime.

Android
A Linux-based smartphone operating system, Android is a more popularly known as the software platform created by Google. The platform is open source and cross platform, so it can run on any device designed for it. The system is supported by the Open Handset Alliance.

CDMA
CDMA is an acronym for Code-Division Multiple Access and it falls under the purview of the 3G mobile standards of mobile phone technology, which uses the CDMA channel access to enable transfer of voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell phone towers.

EDGE 
EDGE is an acronym for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution. It is also referred to as EGPRS or Enhanced GPRS. EDGE is a digital mobile phone technology that enables faster and more reliable data transfer. Although this technology is part of the 3G de  nition, it is classi  ed as a 2.75G technology. EDGE benefits users who work with data applications requiring high speed, like multimedia programs. Unlike the 3G evolution, which requires an entire network by itself, EGDE is a technology that is used as an addendum to mobile networks using the GSM technology.

GSM
GSM is an acronym for Global System for Mobile Communications. It’s the most widely used standard for cell phones all over the world. A GMS enabled phone enables its users to change serviced providers without changing their handsets via a small smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card. GSM also supports upgraded packets like GPRS and EDGE.

Half-QWERTY keypad
A half-QWERTY pad falls midway between a full QWERTY and numeric keypad. It has two alphabets on each key. This way, the keypad is narrow enough to let the user type with one hand while holding the device with ease.

IMEI
IMEI stands for International Mobile Equipment Identity. It is a unique number provided to GSM and 3G enabled mobile handsets. It is embedded in the cell phone. It can usually be found beneath the battery It enables you to identify whether a particular mobile handset is original or not. It can only identify devices; it have no bearing on the service provider. You can   nd out the IMEI of your phone by typing *#06# on your GSM or 3G mobile phones. Newer models equipped with the CDMA equipment use MEID or Mobile Equipment Identifier, following a similar format as the IMEI.

Push email
Push email is a serviced provided in smartphones and PDAs to deliver emails to the device in real-time. Push email works on a simple technique, which “pushes” emails to the client as soon as it arrives, rather than making the client wait and collect mail manually. It is of great help to people
who constantly communicate on the move. BlackBerry was the rst smartphone/PDA to offer this technology to its users.

QWERTY keyboard layout
QWERTY are the first six letters that appear in the first row of a standard English keyboard. This keypad resembles the alphabet keyboard on the computer and helps you type on your smartphone with ease. It is most helpful while typing out email and formal correspondence.

Smartphone
While there is no sure way of describing a smartphone, essentially it s a mobile phone which features the functionalities similar to that of a computer. Such devices have a dedicate OS, a faster processor, a larger display, and can run specially designed o   ce and communication applications.

Stylus
A Stylus is a pen-shaped input device mainly used for PDAs, graphics tablets, Tablet PCs, and touch-based cell phones. Using a stylus improves the precision of the touch interface, especially if the options to be selected are small. A stylus is also very helpful for drawing or writing directly on the screen.

Trackball
A trackball is pointing device that features a four-axis control, just like a joystick. It has a small ball fit inside the surface of the device, which is
partially exposed to let the user rotate it in any direction with his fingers, allowing faster scrolling in all four directions.